Context:

Uterine cancer develops when cells in the uterus grow uncontrollably, often starting in the endometrium. Hormonal imbalances and gene mutations are implicated as key contributors to its development, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Certain risk factors, such as obesity, older age, and a history of hormone-related conditions, increase the likelihood of developing uterine cancer. Lifestyle factors, including diet and physical activity, as well as chronic conditions like diabetes, also play significant roles in influencing risk. Despite these identified risk factors, not everyone with them will develop uterine cancer, and some protective factors, such as pregnancy and use of certain contraceptives, may reduce the risk.

Dive Deeper:

• Uterine cancer arises from uncontrolled cell growth in the uterus, frequently originating in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. This growth is influenced by hormonal activity, particularly involving estrogen and progesterone.

• Gene mutations are a significant factor in uterine cancer, with inherited mutations such as those associated with Lynch syndrome increasing risk. Mutations in specific genes like PTEN, KRAS, and TP53 are also linked to higher risk.

• Hormonal imbalances, especially those increasing estrogen levels, are closely tied to uterine cancer. Factors like hormone replacement therapy without progesterone, early menarche, late menopause, and not having been pregnant can elevate risk.

• Obesity significantly raises the risk of uterine cancer as it alters hormone levels, increasing estrogen through conversion in fat tissue. Research indicates that endometrial cancer is more prevalent among obese individuals.

• Lifestyle factors such as a high-fat diet and lack of physical activity can increase uterine cancer risk. Conversely, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and dietary modifications can mitigate this risk.

• Conditions like diabetes and a history of breast or ovarian cancer also heighten the risk of uterine cancer, due to shared risk factors and hormonal influences. Endometrial hyperplasia, if untreated, can progress to cancer.

• Protective factors against uterine cancer include multiple pregnancies, which increase progesterone levels, use of non-hormonal IUDs, and oral contraceptives, which have been shown to reduce cancer risk over time.